fig1

Figure 1. (A) Open approach and (B) laparoscopic “caudal approach” of redo liver surgery (Red arrows: Directions of view and manipulation in each approach). Liver resection handles the liver, which is protected inside subphrenic space of “rib cage”. (A) Open procedure: The cage is opened with the big subcostal incision followed and the costal arch was lifted up (green arrow), and the liver after mobilization is picked up (yellow arrows); (B) Laparoscopic procedure: The instruments intrude into the cage from the caudal direction. Minimal damage to the surrounding structures can be achieved. Gold arrows indicate the areas of adhesiolysis. Source: Cancers 2023; 15: 421^[9]. IVC: Inferior vena cava.