REFERENCES
1. Pellini G, Gomiero A, Fortibuoni T, et al. Characterization of microplastic litter in the gastrointestinal tract of Solea solea from the Adriatic Sea. Environ Pollut 2018;234:943-52.
2. Zhang K, Hamidian AH, Tubić A, et al. Understanding plastic degradation and microplastic formation in the environment: a review. Environ Pollut 2021;274:116554.
3. Ram B, Kumar M. Correlation appraisal of antibiotic resistance with fecal, metal and microplastic contamination in a tropical Indian river, lakes and sewage. npj Clean Water 2020;3:3.
4. Belioka MP, Achilias DS. Microplastic pollution and monitoring in seawater and harbor environments: a meta-analysis and review. Sustainability 2023;15:9079.
5. Li W, Luo Y, Pan X. Identification and characterization methods for microplastics basing on spatial imaging in micro-/nanoscales. In: He D, Luo Y, editors. Microplastics in terrestrial environments: emerging contaminants and major challenges. Springer, Cham. 2020. pp. 25-37.
6. Herbort AF, Schuhen K. A concept for the removal of microplastics from the marine environment with innovative host-guest relationships. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017;24:11061-5.
7. Arthur C, Baker JE, Bamford HA. Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine debris, September 9-11, 2008, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA. 2009. Available from: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/2509. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024]
8. Collignon A, Hecq JH, Galgani F, Collard F, Goffart A. Annual variation in neustonic micro-and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean-Corsica). Mar Pollut Bull 2014;79:293-8.
9. Lestari P, Trihadiningrum Y, Wijaya BA, Yunus KA, Firdaus M. Distribution of microplastics in Surabaya river, Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 2020;726:138560.
10. Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, et al. Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020;8:3494-511.
11. Constant M, Ludwig W, Kerhervé P, et al. Microplastic fluxes in a large and a small Mediterranean river catchments: the Têt and the Rhône, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Sci Total Environ 2020;716:136984.
12. He B, Smith M, Egodawatta P, Ayoko GA, Rintoul L, Goonetilleke A. Dispersal and transport of microplastics in river sediments. Environ Pollut 2021;279:116884.
13. Rose PK, Jain M, Kataria N, Sahoo PK, Garg VK, Yadav A. Microplastics in multimedia environment: a systematic review on its fate, transport, quantification, health risk, and remedial measures. Groundw Sustain Dev 2023;20:100889.
14. Bondelind M, Sokolova E, Nguyen A, Karlsson D, Karlsson A, Björklund K. Hydrodynamic modelling of traffic-related microplastics discharged with stormwater into the Göta River in Sweden. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020;27:24218-30.
15. Rist S, Almroth BC, Hartmann NB, Karlsson TM. A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics. Sci Total Environ 2018;626:720-6.
16. Sharma S, Chatterjee S. Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017;24:21530-47.
17. Barboza LGA, Gimenez BCG. Microplastics in the marine environment: current trends and future perspectives. Mar Pollut Bull 2015;97:5-12.
18. Rajmohan KVS, Ramya C, Viswanathan MR, Varjani S. Plastic pollutants: effective waste management for pollution control and abatement. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2019;12:72-84.
19. Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1700782.
20. Malli A, Corella-Puertas E, Hajjar C, Boulay AM. Transport mechanisms and fate of microplastics in estuarine compartments: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 2022;177:113553.
21. Zettler ER, Mincer TJ, Amaral-Zettler LA. Life in the “plastisphere”: microbial communities on plastic marine debris. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47:7137-46.
22. Cooper DA, Corcoran PL. Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Mar Pollut Bull 2010;60:650-4.
23. Nelms SE, Coombes C, Foster LC. et al. Marine anthropogenic litter on British beaches: a 10-year nationwide assessment using citizen science data. Sci Total Environ 2017;579:1399-409.
24. Zheng Y, Yanful EK, Bassi AS. A review of plastic waste biodegradation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2005;25:243-50.
25. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009;364:1985-98.
26. Li J, Liu H, Chen JP. Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res 2018;137:362-74.
27. Mahdavimanesh M, Noghrehabadi AR, Behbahaninejad M, Ahmadi G, Dehghanian M. Lagrangian particle tracking: model development. Life Sci J 2013;10:34-41. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=66a90cb17c5aaa3816e504848f152b94c2e5a315. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
28. Alosairi Y, Al-Salem SM, Al Ragum A. Three-dimensional numerical modelling of transport, fate and distribution of microplastics in the northwestern Arabian/Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 2020;161:111723.
29. Rangel-Buitrago N, Vergara-Cortés H, Barría-Herrera J, Contreras-López M, Agredano R. Marine debris occurrence along Las Salinas beach, Viña Del Mar (Chile): magnitudes, impacts and management. Ocean Coast Manage 2019;178:104842.
30. Hardesty BD, Harari J, Isobe A, et al. Using numerical model simulations to improve the understanding of micro-plastic distribution and pathways in the marine environment. Front Mar Sci 2017;4:30.
31. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:264-9.
32. OECD Library. Global plastics outlook. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/data/global-plastic-outlook_c0821f81-en. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
33. Koutnik VS, Leonard J, Alkidim S, et al. Distribution of microplastics in soil and freshwater environments: global analysis and framework for transport modeling. Environ Pollut 2021;274:116552.
34. Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ 2017;586:127-41.
35. Prata JC, Silva ALP, da Costa JP, et al. Solutions and integrated strategies for the control and mitigation of plastic and microplastic pollution. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2411.
36. Krause S, Baranov V, Nel HA, et al. Gathering at the top? Environmental controls of microplastic uptake and biomagnification in freshwater food webs. Environ Pollut 2021;268:115750.
37. Weithmann N, Möller JN, Löder MGJ, Piehl S, Laforsch C, Freitag R. Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaap8060.
38. Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S. Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size. Mar Environ Res 2016;115:1-10.
39. Murphy F, Ewins C, Carbonnier F, Quinn B. Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol 2016;50:5800-8.
40. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 2011;62:2588-97.
41. Leslie HA, Brandsma SH, van Velzen MJM, Vethaak AD. Microplastics en route: field measurements in the Dutch river delta and Amsterdam canals, wastewater treatment plants, North Sea sediments and biota. Environ Int 2017;101:133-42.
42. Eklund B, Hansson T, Bengtsson H, Eriksson Wiklund AK. Pollutant concentrations and toxic effects on the red alga Ceramium tenuicorne of sediments from natural harbors and small boat harbors on the west coast of Sweden. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2016;70:583-94.
43. De Witte B, Devriese L, Bekaert K, et al. Quality assessment of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis): comparison between commercial and wild types. Mar Pollut Bull 2014;85:146-55.
44. Gauquie J, Devriese L, Robbens J, De Witte B. A qualitative screening and quantitative measurement of organic contaminants on different types of marine plastic debris. Chemosphere 2015;138:348-56.
45. Auta HS, Emenike CU, Fauziah SH. Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions. Environ Int 2017;102:165-76.
46. Carr SA, Liu J, Tesoro AG. Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 2016;91:174-82.
47. Karbalaei S, Hanachi P, Walker TR, Cole M. Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018;25:36046-63.
48. Hou H, Wang J, Yuan M, et al. Estimating the mitigation potential of the Chinese service sector using embodied carbon emissions accounting. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2021;86:106510.
49. Obbard RW, Sadri S, Wong YQ, Khitun AA, Baker I, Thompson RC. Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice. Earths Future 2014;2:315-20.
50. He D, Luo Y, Lu S, Liu M, Song Y, Lei L. Microplastics in soils: analytical methods, pollution characteristics and ecological risks. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 2018;109:163-72.
51. Rillig MC, Ingraffia R, de Souza Machado AA. Microplastic incorporation into soil in agroecosystems. Front Plant Sci 2017;8:1805.
52. Wang W, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Environmental fate and impacts of microplastics in soil ecosystems: progress and perspective. Sci Total Environ 2020;708:134841.
53. Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environ Sci Technol 2016;50:10777-9.
54. Browne MA, Galloway T, Thompson R. Microplastic - an emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integr Environ Assess Manag 2007;3:559-61.
55. Dubaish F, Liebezeit G. Suspended microplastics and black carbon particles in the Jade system, southern North Sea. Water Air Soil Poll 2013;224:1352.
56. Mahon AM, O’Connell B, Healy MG, et al. Microplastics in sewage sludge: effects of treatment. Environ Sci Technol 2017;51:810-8.
57. Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Sica C, Russo G. Plastic materials in European agriculture: actual use and perspectives. J Agric Eng 2011;42:15-28.
58. Kasirajan S, Ngouajio M. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review. Agron Sustain Dev 2012;32:501-29.
59. Shiu RF, Chen LY, Lee HJ, Gong GC, Lee C. New insights into the role of marine plastic-gels in microplastic transfer from water to the atmosphere via bubble bursting. Water Res 2022;222:118856.
60. Yuan W, Christie-Oleza JA, Xu EG, et al. Environmental fate of microplastics in the world’s third-largest river: basin-wide investigation and microplastic community analysis. Water Res 2022;210:118002.
61. Yuan Z, Nag R, Cummins E. Ranking of potential hazards from microplastics polymers in the marine environment. J Hazard Mater 2022;429:128399.
62. Kurniawan TA, Haider A, Ahmad HM, et al. Source, occurrence, distribution, fate, and implications of microplastic pollutants in freshwater on environment: a critical review and way forward. Chemosphere 2023;325:138367.
63. Wong JKH, Lee KK, Tang KHD, Yap PS. Microplastics in the freshwater and terrestrial environments: prevalence, fates, impacts and sustainable solutions. Sci Total Environ 2020;719:137512.
64. Bejgarn S, MacLeod M, Bogdal C, Breitholtz M. Toxicity of leachate from weathering plastics: an exploratory screening study with Nitocra spinipes. Chemosphere 2015;132:114-9.
65. Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DRU, et al. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009;364:2027-45.
66. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, et al. Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 2015;347:768-71.
67. Obbard RW. Microplastics in polar regions: the role of long range transport. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 2018;1:24-9.
69. Dris R, Imhof H, Sanchez W, et al. Beyond the ocean: contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-) plastic particles. Environ Chem 2015;12:539-50.
70. Horton AA, Dixon SJ. Microplastics: an introduction to environmental transport processes. WIREs Water 2018;5:e1268.
71. Boucher J, Friot D. Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources. 2017. Available from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-002-En.pdf. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
72. Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, et al. Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran. Environ Pollut 2019;244:153-64.
73. Chae Y, An YJ. Effects of micro-and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems: current research trends and perspectives. Mar Pollut Bull 2017;124:624-32.
74. Pelley AJ, Tufenkji N. Effect of particle size and natural organic matter on the migration of nano- and microscale latex particles in saturated porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008;321:74-83.
75. Bradford SA, Bettahar M. Concentration dependent transport of colloids in saturated porous media. J Contam Hydrol 2006;82:99-117.
76. Liu M, Lu S, Song Y, et al. Microplastic and mesoplastic pollution in farmland soils in suburbs of Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut 2018;242:855-62.
77. Ali MU, Lin S, Yousaf B, et al. Environmental emission, fate and transformation of microplastics in biotic and abiotic compartments: global status, recent advances and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ 2021;791:148422.
78. Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment? Mar Pollut Bull 2016;104:290-3.
79. Critchell K, Lambrechts J. Modelling accumulation of marine plastics in the coastal zone; what are the dominant physical processes? Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 2016;171:111-22.
80. Filella M. Questions of size and numbers in environmental research on microplastics: methodological and conceptual aspects. Environ Chem 2015;12:527-38.
81. Ryan PG. Does size and buoyancy affect the long-distance transport of floating debris? Environ Res Lett 2015;10:084019.
82. Shimanaga M, Yanagi K. The Ryukyu Trench may function as a “depocenter” for anthropogenic marine litter. J Oceanogr 2016;72:895-903.
84. Alimi OS, Budarz JF, Hernandez LM, Tufenkji N. Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport. Environ Sci Technol 2018;52:1704-24.
85. Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46:3060-75.
86. Law KL, Morét-Fergusonet S, Maximenko NA, et al. Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Science 2010;329:1185-8.
87. Zhang Y, Gao T, Kang S, Sillanpää M. Importance of atmospheric transport for microplastics deposited in remote areas. Environ Pollut 2019;254:112953.
88. Haque F, Fan C. Fate and impacts of microplastics in the environment: hydrosphere, pedosphere, and atmosphere. Environments 2023;10:70.
89. Hamid F, Bhatti MS, Anuar N, Anuar N, Mohan P, Periathamby A. Worldwide distribution and abundance of microplastic: how dire is the situation? Waste Manag Res 2018;36:873-97.
90. Angnunavuri PN, Attiogbe F, Mensah B. Consideration of emerging environmental contaminants in africa: review of occurrence, formation, fate, and toxicity of plastic particles. Sci Afr 2020;9:e00546.
91. Yoshida M. Situation of municipal solid waste management in African Cities - An interpretation of the information provided by the first ACCP meeting. 2018. Available from: http://www.gwopa.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/8_Discussion_Paper_2.pdf. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
92. Lebreton L, Andrady A. Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Palgrave Commun 2019;5:6.
93. Tackling plastic waste and pollution for human health and marine biodiversity - A call for global action. 2019. Available from: https://www.fauna-flora.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tearfund-FFI_2020-Tackling-plastic-waste.pdf. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
94. Wilson DC, Rodic L, Modak P, et al. Global waste management outlook. 2015. Available from: https://www.uncclearn.org/wp-content/uploads/library/unep23092015.pdf. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
95. Free CM. Jensen OP, Mason SA, Eriksen M, Williamson N, Boldgiv B. High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Mar Pollut Bull 2014;85:156-63.
96. Haave M, Henriksen T. Sources and fate of microplastics in Urban Systems. In: Rocha-Santos T, Costa MF, Mouneyrac C, editors. Handbook of microplastics in the environment. Springer, Cham. 2022. pp. 849-75.
97. Chaukura N, Kefeni KK, Chikurunhe I, et al. Microplastics in the aquatic environment - the occurrence, sources, ecological impacts, fate, and remediation challenges. Pollutants 2021;1:95-118.
98. UNEP. Marine litter: a global challenge. 2009. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7787/-Marine%20Litter_%20A%20Global%20Challenge%20(2009)-2009845.pdf?sequence=3&%3BisAllowed=. [Last accessed on 16 May 2024].
99. Al-Thawadi S. Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: challenges and threats to aquatic organisms. Arab J Sci Eng 2020;45:4419-40.
100. Mattsson K, Jocic S, Doverbratt I, Hansson LA. Chapter 13 - Nanoplastics in the aquatic environment. In: Microplastic contamination in aquatic environments. 2018. pp. 379-99.
