fig2

From: Recent progress of biosensors based on thermoelectric effects for monitoring physical activity and environment monitoring

Figure 2. TE device working principle (A) Working principle of TE device based on Seebeck effect^[40]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature; (B) dependence of its efficiency on three strongly interdependent parameters including Se, S_eff, and κ_eff^[42]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (C) Working principles of TGCs^[62]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society; (D) Soret effects of cations and anions of an n-type ionic material under temperature gradient. The two arrows in the image signify the migrations of both cations and anions from the hot end to the cold end, but the anions migrate faster than the cations^[70]. Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. TE: Thermoelectric; TGCs: thermogalvanic cells.