fig9

Figure 9. Principle and structure and application of fibric temperature sensors and heaters. (A) Tester wearing a headband with sensors and sensor response during cycling^[160]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (B) Preparation of PU/graphene encapsulated PEDOT:PSS composite fiber with skin-core structure^[153]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (C) Garment knitted with ultra-flexible graphene textile sensors used for monitoring human physiological conditions^[163]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; (D) Image of the fiber temperature sensor sewn onto the tip of a hand glove and temperature response of the fiber sensor to repetitive touch on a hot (45 °C) or cold (5 °C) object^[165]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (E) Diagram of 1D SEF for wearable electrothermal applications; (F) Infrared thermal images of 1D-SEF at different applied voltages; (G) Optical and infrared thermal images of 1D-SEF embedded in a wearable kneepad with an applied voltage of 0.8 V^[15]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (H) Schematic of the integration process of WSPHS; (I) Photograph of WSPHS application at the chest position of an infant model; (J) Heating performance of stretchable heating fiber under various mechanical deformations^[170]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; (K) DCFBs for all-weather personal thermal management textiles; (L) Temperature evolution and infrared thermal images of the fabric woven by DCFBs under stepwise voltage from 2 to 8 V^[171]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. PU: Polyurethane; PEDOT:PSS: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate); SEF: fiber-shaped electronics; WSPHS: wearable and smart personal heating system; DCFBs: dopamine-induced composite fiber bundles.