fig2

Soft wearable electronics for evaluation of biological tissue mechanics

Figure 2. Various measurement mechanisms and engineered designs. (A) Active vibration sensors for tissue stiffness evaluation. Vibration generated by the actuator propagates along the tissue to the sensor; (B) Example of an ultrathin microsystem with active elements consisting of PZT, bottom and top electrodes, and PI for distinguishment of abnormal tissue. Reproduced with permission[28]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature; (C) Working principle of ultrasonography for the detection of tissue signals; (D) Optical image of a 12 × 12 stretchable ultrasonic phased array mounted on the human neck and chest. Inset: enlarged image of four transducer (Tx) elements with a pitch (λ) of 0.8 mm. Reproduced with permission[52]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature; (E) Stethoscope-based mechanism for monitoring signals from tissue displacement; (F) Optical photograph (left) and microscopic image (right) of an ultrasensitive all-nanofiber mechanoacoustic sensor based on nanofibre electrodes and polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibres. Reproduced with permission[54]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (G) Schematic showing the architecture of a strain sensor to measure haptically Young’s modulus; (H) Illustration of a FMS with a self-locking effect composed of an upper cap, a strain sensor, a pair of self-locking elements, and a self-locking frame. Reproduced with permission[55]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons; (I) Schematic illustration of light absorption detected through a LED and a PD for photonic diagnostics; (J) Image and exploded-view illustration of thin and stretchable optoelectronic systems including IR LED, a photodetector, and an inductive coil configured to measure cardiac beating signals with clear revelation of the systolic peak and the dicrotic notch. Reproduced with permission[31]. Copyright 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science; (K) Techniques based on thermal transport for continuous and precious measurements of blood flow; (L) The geometry of an electronic device combined with thermal analysis techniques consisting of a central thermal actuator (3 mm diameter) with power (typically 25 or 3.5 mW·mm-2) directionally downstream to vessels and 14 surrounding thermal sensors for measurement of thermal distribution. Reproduced with permission[63]. Copyright 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. PZT: Piezoelectric material lead zirconate titanate; PI: polyimide; FMS: fingertip modulus sensor; PD: photodetector; IR LED: infrared light-emitting diode.

Soft Science
ISSN 2769-5441 (Online)
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