fig8

Figure 8. Optimization of IPMC actuator by increasing thickness. (A) IPMC prepared through hot-pressing multilayer Nafion 117 and IPA assisted electroless plating. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[122]. Copyright^© 2017 American Chemical Society. (B) Different stacking ways of IPMC in width and thickness direction. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[124]. Copyright^© 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd. (C) Three-layer polyelectrolyte film prepared by continuous solution casting. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[125]. Copyright^© 2014 American Chemical Society. (D) The mechanism of enhancing the deformation of IPMC by electrostatic field. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[126]. Copyright^© 2018 AIP Publishing. (E) The deformation of IPMC under different electrostatic fields under the applied voltage of 1.4 V. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[126]. Copyright^© 2018 AIP Publishing.