fig5

Figure 5. GOS inhibits Desulfovibrio desulfuricans growth and reduces cutC gene copy number. (A) Average optical density (OD) at 600 nm measurements show a significant reduction in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans growth in the ChoGOS group compared to the choline-alone group; (B) Box plot of the TMA concentrations in the culture media indicating a marginal reduction in TMA levels in the ChoGOS group (P value = 0.0635); (C) Box plot showing the percentage reduction in cutC gene copy number in the ChoGOS group (P value = 0.057); (D) Image of a 1.5% agarose gel (1x TAE) illustrating amplification of the cutC gene across different groups and a positive control, plasmid. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using t-tests, and data are presented as mean ± SEM. Experiments were conducted in triplicate for each group: control, choline chloride (CC), choline + GOS, and CC + GOS, with n = 4 per group. Significance is noted as **: P value < 0.01. GOS: galactooligosaccharides; TMA: trimethylamine; Cho: choline; SEM: standard error of the mean; TAE: tris acetate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.