fig3

Figure 3. Enrichment of Blautia and reduction in Clostridium in the choline + GOS group. The hierarchical heat tree illustrates microbial abundance differences between (A) control vs. choline and (C) choline vs. ChoGOS. Red and green colors indicate higher and lower abundances, respectively, highlighting distinct microbial profiles between the choline and ChoGOS groups. (B) and (D) Volcano plots showing significantly different species differences (P value 0.2) identified using MaAsLin2, (E) and (F) presenting the relative abundances at the phyla and genera levels, respectively, while (G) and (H) showing significant changes in the genera Blautia and Clostridium in the ChoGOS group, with statistical significance denoted as *** (P value < 0.001), ** (P value < 0.01), * (P value < 0.05). Control (n = 7), choline (n = 4), and choline + GOS (n = 4). Only microbial taxa with significant differences based on t-tests (P value < 0.05) are shown. Cho: choline; GOS: galactooligosaccharides.