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Figure 3. This schematic summarizes the role of microbiota in cancer and therapeutic outcomes, presented in three panels: What? The left panel highlights bacterial enrichment in different pathological conditions, such as in responders and non-responders to immune checkpoint therapies. So What? The middle panel illustrates how microbiota influences various aspects of cancer biology, including tumor promotion, oncogenesis, post-surgery healing, and responses to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Now What? The right panel outlines potential applications of microbiota in cancer management, including modulation, use of microbiota as biomarkers for precision oncology, and engineering bacteria as therapeutic drugs.