fig2

Figure 2. Plasma levels of GDUT by quartile of eGFR. Boxplots show plasma levels of GDUT in mmol/L by quartile of eGFR (calculated using the CKD-EPI equations). eGFR quartiles: Q1, ,66 mL/min per 1.73 m²; Q2, 66-78; Q3, 79-90; Q4, $ 91. (A) TMAO; (B) P-cresyl sulfate; (C) hippuric acid; (D) indoxyl sulfate; (E) P-cresyl glucuronide; (F) phenylacetyl glutamine; (G) phenyl sulfate. Plasma levels of all the metabolites were significantly higher in lower quartiles of eGFR; P values were computed for differences in median values by the Kruskal-Wallis test because the distribution of plasma levels was not normally distributed. Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from^[20]. GDUT: Gut-derived uremic toxin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD: chronic kidney disease; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide.