fig1

Figure 1. Cranberry extract, colon regions and lumen/mucus niches dynamically affect the microbiota in the TWIN-M-SHIME. (A) Schematic representation of the TWIN-M-SHIME® system setup. Each colonic region was inoculated in duplicate for each donor; (B-D) Partial distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) of the microbial community composition based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showing that treatment (B), colon region (C) and lumen/mucus niche (D) explain the differences in the microbiota. Explanatory variables are indicated in black (as shown in legend) and response variables are labeled in blue (genera abundances, only the principal explanatory variables are displayed for visibility). Percent on x- and y-axes indicate contribution to the total variance, while “Vexplained” corresponds to the variability of the gut microbiota composition explained by the variables (^***P < 0.001 significance) assessed from the distance matrix PERMANOVA; (E) Stacked bar plots of gut microbiota genus-level relative abundance during specified days of fermentation: following two weeks of stabilization and one week of control period, the extract was added from the 21st day, at 86.8 mg PAC/day/donor. The graphic indicates the one-week control period (C; blue line), the first week of cranberry treatment (T; light red line), and the second week of cranberry treatment (T; dark red line). The top graph shows the proportion of the 20 most abundant genera in the lumen, while the bottom one of the mucus in the respective ascending and transverse colon. The stacked bar plots show the mean composition of six donors in duplicate. PAC: Proanthocyanidins.