fig3

Figure 3. Probiotic strain-specific effects on the metabolic activity of infant donor microbiota in the SHIME^® model. (A) Acetate; (B) Propionate; (C) Butyrate; (D) total lactate; (E) D-lactate; (F) L-lactate; (G) total SCFA production, (H) pH and (I) volume of gas production during simulated colonic fermentation with donor infant microbiota and either intact protein formula (iPF + GOS) or formula with extensively hydrolyzed protein matrix (eHF + GOS). Selection of significant differences are marked with a ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, or ^***P < 0.001. Probiotic strains were added in a concentration of 1.5 × 10⁷ CFU/mL each. SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid; Blank: no probiotic strain added to the donor microbiota; Bb: B. breve DSM 32583; Lf: L. fermentum CECT 5716; Bb + Lf: both probiotics added; iPF: intact protein formula; GOS: galactooligosaccharide; eHF: extensively hydrolyzed formula; SHIME: Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem.