fig3

Figure 3. Preclinical models for the study of human microbiome-associated diseases. Overview schematic summarizing the different models of choice to study functional host-microbiota interactions, with their advantages and disadvantages, in human diseases of the digestive system, such as obesity and related metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer. Depicted are: (A) in vitro fermentation systems; (B) ex vivo intestinal organoids; and (C) in vivo HMA mouse models. GF: Germ-free.