fig1

Figure 1. Metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) lowers gut pH boosting colonisation resistance; HMOs are metabolised by initial colonisers (Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis and Bacteroides) in the infant gut, producing SCFAs and subsequently lowering pH & increasing colonisation resistance against gastrointestinal pathogens. SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids.