fig6

Figure 6. Directional transport of liquid on the surface of microstructure in response to electric field. (A) Droplet adhesion and movement control on the surface of micro-nano multistage structures in response to an electric field. Copyright 2020, Wiley^[102]; (B) Out-of-plane electrostatic charging control. Copyright 2019, Wiley^[104]; (C) A high-speed “one-piece” lossless droplet operation via triboelectrophoresis on a microstructured surface with a superhydrophobic coating. Copyright 2023, Wiley^[106]; (D) In situ-controlled wetting and movement of droplets injected with Joule thermal response paraffin with a sandwich structure. Copyright 2021, Wiley^[107].