fig16

Figure 16. (A) Proposed HMFOR mechanism over Ru₁-NiO in the neutral medium; (B-D) Investigations of HMFOR mechanism over Ru₁-NiO. CV curves of (B) NiO and (C) Ru₁-NiO in 1.0 M PBS with and without 50 mM HMF; (D) The ex-situ Raman spectra of Ru₁-NiO after electrocatalysis of 5 minutes; (E) Calculated surface pH values for Ru₁-NiO^[122]. opyright 2022 Wiley. HMFOR: 5- hydroxymethyl furfural oxidation reaction; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; HMF: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; CV: cyclic voltammetry.