fig3

Figure 3. The schematic diagrams of mechanical forces resulting from nanotopographic structures on the immune cell membrane. (A) Traction forces resulting from nanotopographic structures on immune cell membranes due to the contractility of the actin filament; (B) Tensions resulting from nanotopographic structures on immune cell membranes. Actin filaments drive cell membrane deformation into the interspace between nanostructures and adhere to the substrate. Nanotopographic structures act as spatial barriers for cell membranes, thereby inducing the generation of membrane tension that horizontally stretches cell membranes; (C) Contact pressures resulting from nanotopographic structures on immune cell membranes. Actin filaments drive similar membrane deformation into the interspace between nanostructures, pushing the cell membrane to compress the nanostructures. In response, the nanostructures produce a reciprocal force perpendicular to the cell membrane, known as contact pressure.