fig12

Figure 12. (A) In situ Raman spectra of two-dimensional Bi nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[84]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (B) In situ DRIFTS spectra of CO₂ adsorbed on BOC NFs surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[89]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (C) In situ XRD patterns of Bi catalysts. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[91]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier; (D) Operando Bi L-edge XANES spectra of Bi₂O₃ nanotubes (NTs) at OCV and NTD-Bi; inset plot is the partially enlarged spectra. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[67]. Copyright 2019, Springer; (E) In situ XPS measurements for O 1 s orbit. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[92]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (F, G) Formation of Co-TMH clusters and nanocage around the nanobubble surface. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[94]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. XRD: X-ray diffraction spectroscopy; XANES: X-ray absorption near edge structure; OCV: open circuit voltage.