fig1

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of different reaction pathways of CO₂RR to formic acid through the formation of different intermediates. (A) *COOH intermediate adsorbed on the catalyst surface via carbon atom; (B) *OCHO intermediate adsorbed on the catalyst surface via oxygen atom; (C) *H intermediate adsorbed on the catalyst surface via hydrogen atom (color code: C, black; O, red; H, white). Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[37]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.