fig2

Figure 2. An overview of the development of Al-based batteries. (A) Aluminum served as an anode in the buff cell^[7]. (B) A heavy-duty chlorine depolarized cell^[20]. (C) Aluminum-air primary battery. Reproduced with permission ref.^[22] copyright 2013 Elsevier. (D) Proposed Al-Cl₂ with graphite cathode^[23]. (E) The Secondary cell based on room temperature ionic liquid^[24]. (F) Invention of Aluminum-Graphite with room temperature ionic liquid^[25]. (G) Hybrid Aluminum-Lithium battery with lithium as an anode^[26]. (H) Rechargeable Al-I₂ battery schematic. Reproduced with permission ref.^[28] copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (I) The Aluminum-Iron hybrid liquid battery. Reproduced with permission ref.^[27] copyright 2017 Elsevier. (J) The battery featuring dual graphite electrodes. Reproduced with permission ref.^[29] copyright 2018 Elsevier. (K) The solid-state Aluminum-graphite battery with gel-polymer electrolyte. Reproduced with permission ref.^[30] copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH. (L) Ultrathin Co₃O₄ nanosheets as binder-free cathodes for aluminum-air batteries. Reproduced with permission ref.^[31] copyright 2020 Elsevier. (M) Anode and electrolyte interface for non-aqueous aluminum-ion batteries. Reproduced with permission ref.^[11] copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH. (N) Alcl₄^- ion storage by activated carbon in non-aqueous aluminum-ion battery. Reproduced with permission ref.^[32] copyright 2022 Elsevier. (O) Aluminum/pours carbon graphite with urea as electrolyte. Reproduced with permission ref.^[33] copyright 2023 Elsevier.