fig4

Figure 4. (A) Schematic illustration of the physical bacteria-killing effect caused by 2D nanomaterials on bacteria. (Reproduced with permission from^[74]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society). (B and C) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of E. coli and E. coli treated with N-g-C₃N₄. (D) Relative intensity of total O.D.260 and relative amount of intracellular ATP, DNA, and total soluble proteins of E. coli and S. aureus after being treated with N-g-C₃N₄, the bacterial cells without N-g-C₃N₄ as a control group; (E) Final snapshots of g-C₃N₄ NSs interacting with the lipids of the bacterial membrane in three independent trajectories. The upper lipids of the membrane represented the outer layer of the bacterial plasma membrane. (Reproduced with permission from^[79]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry).