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![Reduced dimensional ferroelectric domains and their characterization techniques](https://image.oaes.cc/3d89e922-f702-431e-8c5c-17c2e1dcce51/microstructures3067.fig.3.jpg)
Figure 3. Hidden ferroelectricity of CaTiO3 and oxygen octahedra pattern engineering. (A) Annular bright field (ABF)-STEM and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) analysis of paraelectric CaTiO3 on (001) LaAlO3. Corresponding oxygen octahedral rotation mapping and polarization mapping results coincident with the non-polar structure. (B) ABF-STEM and PFM analysis of ferroelectric CaTiO3 on (111) LaAlO3. Corresponding oxygen octahedral rotation mapping, and polarization mapping results coincident with the polar structure. Reproduced with permission[70]. Copyright 2020, The Authors, published by Springer Nature.