fig1

Figure 1. Ferroelectric characteristic and its domain structure. (A) A schematic of a typical ferroelectric P-E hysteresis loop. Based on the polarization direction, two distinct binary digits can be differentiated. (B) Dark-field TEM image showing ferroelectric domains with 180° domain walls in Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ thin film. (C) HAADF-STEM image overlaid with its polarization angle map and corresponding Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ structure. Color wheel means the orientation of the polarization at each unit cell. Reproduced with permission^[3]. Copyright 2012, WILEY-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.