fig1

Figure 1. (A) Schematic illustration of a typical SIB using a layered oxide cathode and a hard carbon anode; (B) Abundances of the key metals involved in LIBs and/or SIBs in earth’s crust and their world reserves as of 2023 (Mt = million metric tons). Data acquired from^[5,6]; (C) The redox couples in Na_xTMO₂ compounds with their corresponding potential range. Data acquired from^[14]; (D) Accumulated publications from the Web of Science with the topic of "sodium ion batteries" and "sodium ion batteries P2" in the year range of 2013 to 2023.