fig4

Figure 4. The effect of grid decarbonization on the climate performance of the plant factory. (A) Power source mix of China’s grid decarbonization scenarios (C-coal, G-natural gas, S-solar, W-wind, N-nuclear, and H-hydro). Heat maps represent 64 decarbonization pathways (rows) clustered into 12 high- and low-scenarios. (B) GWP of plant factory at high- and low-decarbonization levels. The reference is the GWP baseline on China’s Southern Power Grid. (C) the corresponding TWP. TWP 1, and TWP = 1 means the equivalent climatic performance. The uncertainties were sourced from 17 CO₂ impulse-response models^[16]. The left y-axis represents the metrics of TWP_CH4 and TWP_CH4+N2O, while the right y-axis represents the inverted U-belts reflecting the deficiency between TWP_CH4 and TWP_CH4+N2O.