REFERENCES

1. China Association of Automotive Manufacturers. A brief analysis of the production and sales of the automobile industry in March 2023. Available from: http://www.caam.org.cn/chn/4/cate_31/con_5235761.html [Last accessed on 30 Nov 2023].

2. Woo SH, Jang H, Lee SB, Lee S. Comparison of total PM emissions emitted from electric and internal combustion engine vehicles: an experimental analysis. Sci Total Environ 2022;842:156961.

3. Ye Y, Zhao X, Zhang J. Driving cycle electrification and comparison. Transport Res D Transp Environ 2023;123:103900.

4. Hoekstra A. The underestimated potential of battery electric vehicles to reduce emissions. Joule 2019;3:1412-4.

5. Yang L, Yu B, Yang B, Chen H, Malima G, Wei Y. Life cycle environmental assessment of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles in China. J Clean Prod 2021;285:124899.

6. Sun S, Jin C, He W, Li G, Zhu H, Huang J. Management status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China and a complete closed-circuit recycling process. Sci Total Environ 2021;776:145913.

7. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Interim measures for the administration of recycling and utilization of power batteries for new energy vehicles. Available from: https://www.miit.gov.cn/zwgk/zcwj/wjfb/zh/art/2020/art_459b0eb972964f68930bb39be9e92688.html [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

8. Filomeno G, Feraco S. Economic, technical and environmental aspects of recycling lithium batteries: a literature review. Glob J Res Eng 2020;20:290401.

9. Jones B, Elliott RJR, Nguyen-Tien V. The EV revolution: the road ahead for critical raw materials demand. Appl Energy 2020;280:115072.

10. Hu S, He S, Jiang X, Wu M, Wang P, Li L. Forecast and suggestions on the demand of lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese resources in China’s new energy automobile industry. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 2021;769:042018.

11. Akcil A, Sun Z, Panda S. COVID-19 disruptions to tech-metals supply are a wake-up call. Nature 2020;587:365-7.

12. Liu SQ, Huang X, Li X, Masoud M, Chung SH, Yin Y. How is China’s energy security affected by exogenous shocks? Evidence of China-US trade dispute and COVID-19 pandemic. Discov Energy 2021;1:2.

13. Sun X, Hao H, Hartmann P, Liu Z, Zhao F. Supply risks of lithium-ion battery materials: an entire supply chain estimation. Mater Today Energy 2019;14:100347.

14. Wang W, Wu Y. An overview of recycling and treatment of spent LiFePO₄ batteries in China. Resour Conserv Recy 2017;127:233-43.

15. Costa C, Barbosa J, Gonçalves R, Castro H, Del Campo FJ, Lanceros-méndez S. Recycling and environmental issues of lithium-ion batteries: advances, challenges and opportunities. Energy Stor Mater 2021;37:433-65.

16. Zubi G, Dufo-lópez R, Carvalho M, Pasaoglu G. The lithium-ion battery: state of the art and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energ Rev 2018;89:292-308.

17. Ahmadi L, Yip A, Folwe M, Young SB, Fraser RA. Environmental feasibility of re-use of electric vehicle batteries. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 2014;6:64-74.

18. Podias A, Pfrang A, Di Persio F, et al. Sustainability assessment of second use applications of automotive batteries: ageing of Li-ion battery cells in automotive and grid-scale applications. World Electr Veh J 2018;9:24.

19. Harper G, Sommerville R, Kendrick E, et al. Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Nature 2019;575:75-86.

20. Reinhardt R, Christodoulou I, Gassó-Domingo S, Amante García B. Towards sustainable business models for electric vehicle battery second use: a critical review. J Environ Manag 2019;245:432-46.

21. Xu P, Dai Q, Gao H, et al. Efficient direct recycling of lithium-ion battery cathodes by targeted healing. Joule 2020;4:2609-26.

22. Innovation News Network. An energy-efficient method for recycling lithium batteries. Available from: https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/an-energy-efficient-method-for-recycling-lithium-batteries/11161/ [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

23. Wang T, Luo H, Bai Y, Li J, Belharouak I, Dai S. Direct recycling of spent NCM cathodes through ionothermal lithiation. Adv Energy Mater 2020;10:2001204.

24. Natkunarajah N, Scharf M, Scharf P. Scenarios for the return of lithium-ion batteries out of electric cars for recycling. Procedia CIRP 2015;29:740-5.

25. Reinhart L, Vrucak D, Woeste R, et al. Pyrometallurgical recycling of different lithium-ion battery cell systems: economic and technical analysis. J Clean Prod 2023;416:137834.

26. Wang MM, Zhang CC, Zhang FS. Recycling of spent lithium-ion battery with polyvinyl chloride by mechanochemical process. Waste Manag 2017;67:232-9.

27. Lv W, Wang Z, Cao H, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Sun Z. A critical review and analysis on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2018;6:1504-21.

28. Shin SM, Kim NH, Sohn JS, Yang DH, Kim YH. Development of a metal recovery process from Li-ion battery wastes. Hydrometallurgy 2005;79:172-81.

29. Yao Y, Zhu M, Zhao Z, Tong B, Fan Y, Hua Z. Hydrometallurgical processes for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: a critical review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2018;6:13611-27.

30. Kumar J, Neiber RR, Park J, et al. Recent progress in sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄-type lithium-ion batteries: strategies for highly selective lithium recovery. Chem Eng J 2022;431:133993.

31. Chang D, Yang S, Shi P, et al. Selective recovery of lithium and efficient leaching of transition metals from spent LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO₂ batteries based on a synergistic roasting process. Chem Eng J 2022;449:137752.

32. Linnaeus University. New method for recycling lithium-ion batteries reduces energy needs and environmental harm. Available from: https://lnu.se/en/meet-linnaeus-university/current/news/2023/new-method-for-recycling-lithium-ion-batteries/ [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

33. Xiao X, Hoogendoorn BW, Ma Y, et al. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of metals from lithium-ion batteries using natural organic acids. Green Chem 2021;23:8519-32.

34. ISO 14040: 2006. Environmental management - life cycle assessment -principles and framework. International Standards Organization, Geneva 2006. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

35. Li W, Bai H, Yin J, Xu H. Life cycle assessment of end-of-life vehicle recycling processes in China - take corolla taxis for example. J Clean Prod 2016;117:176-87.

36. Yu A, Wei Y, Chen W, Peng N, Peng L. Life cycle environmental impacts and carbon emissions: a case study of electric and gasoline vehicles in China. Trans Res D Trans Environ 2018;65:409-20.

37. Zhao S, You F. Comparative life-cycle assessment of Li-ion batteries through process-based and integrated hybrid approaches. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2019;7:5082-94.

38. Sullivan JL, Burnham A, Wang MQ. Model for the part manufacturing and vehicle assembly component of the vehicle life cycle inventory. J Ind Ecol 2013;17:143-53.

39. 2023-2029 Global and China electric vehicle battery recycling market panorama survey and strategic consulting report. Available from: https://www.gonyn.com/report/1372323.html [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

40. Dai Q, Dunn J, Kelly J, Elgowainy A. Update of life cycle analysis of lithium-ion batteries in the GREET model. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-Li_battery_update_2017 [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

41. Dai Q, Kelly J, Dunn J, Benavides P. Update of bill-of-materials and cathode materials production for lithium-ion batteries in the GREET^® model. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-update_bom_cm.

42. Dai Q, Winjobi O. Updates for battery recycling and materials in GREET 2019. Available from: https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-battery_recycling_materials_2019.

43. Hebei Kui Xing New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. supporting CHINA TOWER new energy gradient battery utilization and power backup storage annual production of 120,000 sets of projects. Available from: http://www.doc88.com/p-01847331761007.html [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].

44. Hao H, Geng Y, Tate JE, et al. Impact of transport electrification on critical metal sustainability with a focus on the heavy-duty segment. Nat Commun 2019;10:5398.

45. Hao H, Geng Y, Sarkis J. Carbon footprint of global passenger cars: scenarios through 2050. Energy 2016;101:121-31.

46. Hao H, Liu Z, Zhao F, Li W, Hang W. Scenario analysis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from China's passenger vehicles. Energy 2015;91:151-9.

47. IPCC. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Available from: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl [Last accessed on 29 Nov 2023].