fig3

Figure 3. Potential therapeutics targeting NSCs in PD. Pharmacological (agents targeting dopamine signaling deficiency, improving niche signaling), non-pharmacological interventions (exercise, environmental enrichment, electroacupuncture) and stem cell-based therapies show potential in improving neurogenesis in PD. NSCs: Neural stem cells; PD: Parkinson’s disease; α-Syn: α-synuclein; CXCL6: chemokine ligand 6; CXCL8: chemokine ligand 8; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; LRRK2: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2; PINK1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.