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Figure 2. Potential therapeutics targeting NSCs in AD. Pharmacological (agents targeting Aβ and tau, neuroinflammation, and improving niche signaling), non-pharmacological interventions (exercise, photobiomodulation, optogenetic stimulation) and stem cell-based therapies show potential in improving neurogenesis in AD. NSCs: Neural stem cells; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: amyloid β; APP: amyloid precursor protein; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IL-1β: interleukin 1β; IL-6: interleukin 6; NSC-EVs: neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; sAPP-α: soluble amyloid precursor protein-α; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β.