Topic: Microplastics, Nanoplastics and Human Health: Exposure Pathways and Biological Effects

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are increasingly recognized as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with their presence documented across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, as well as in food, drinking water and indoor and outdoor environments. Their widespread distribution creates multiple pathways through which humans may be exposed, including ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Importantly, the physicochemical properties of MPs and NPs, including particle size, polymer composition, surface characteristics and aging state, may influence their environmental fate, bioavailability and interactions with biological systems.

Growing evidence suggests that exposure to MPs and NPs may be associated with a range of biological responses, including oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular dysfunction and alterations of physiological and metabolic processes. However, substantial uncertainties remain regarding realistic human exposure levels, the contribution of different exposure pathways, the behavior of particles within the human body, and their potential long-term health consequences.

This Special Issue aims to bring together recent advances in the study of MPs and NPs in relation to human health, covering exposure assessment, analytical methodologies, exposure pathways, toxicokinetics, biological mechanisms and health effects. Contributions addressing emerging exposure scenarios, vulnerable populations and innovative approaches for risk assessment are particularly encouraged.