fig5

Figure 5. 2D-SAXS patterns of FS (A) and DFS PVA hydrogels with stretching ratios of 1 (B), 2 (C), 3 (D), and 4 (E); schematic diagram of microstructural changes from FS to DFS PVA hydrogel (F); scattering intensity vs. azimuthal angle curve of FS PVA and DFS PVA hydrogels (G) and corresponding orientation degree (H); scattering intensity I·q²vs. scattering vector q along the orientation direction of DFS PVA hydrogels (I) and average distance L between adjacent crystal domains along the orientation direction vs. stretching ratio for DFS PVA hydrogels (J). SAXS: Small angle X-ray scattering; FS: frozen-salted out; DFS: directional freezing and salting-out; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol.