fig15

Figure 15. Interventional MRI markers and their applications. (A) Diagram of an interventional MRI real-time guided surgical intervention procedure. Reproduced with permission^[231]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier; (B) Diagram (i) and real-time imaging (ii) of a needle (dark blue) as well as a long introducer sheath (light blue) advanced from the superior vena cava (SVC) (purple) to the main pulmonary artery (MPA) during passive MRI guidance. Reproduced with permission^[233]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier; (C) An active MRI probe utilizing coil winding (top and middle) and an active MRI needle for in vitro visualization imaging (bottom). Reproduced with permission^[236]. Copyright 2011, John Wiley and Sons; (D) Illustration of acousto-optic markers. Reproduced with permission^[117]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons; (E) Images of MR tracking devices prepared on PI films, shown both completed (top) and conformally affixed to the catheter (bottom). Reproduced with permission^[239]. Copyright 2010, Elsevier; (F) Schematic of an RF sensor with MRI coil coupling integrated into the catheter tip and implanted into a porcine kidney (i), and a demonstration of the MRI experiment with the manually operated catheter tip inside an isolated porcine kidney (ii). Reproduced with permission^[45]. Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; SVC: superior vena cava; MPA: main pulmonary artery; MR: magnetic resonance; PI: polyimide; RF: radiofrequency.