fig6

Figure 6. Strip-contraction-based swimming bio-bots. (A) A neuromuscular actuated swimming bio-bot. (i) Configuration of the bio-bot with single flagellum and double flagella, respectively; (ii) Deformation of the scaffold during muscle strip relaxation and contraction. Reproduced with permission^[77]. Copyright 2019, Aydin et al.; (B) A manta ray-like swimming bio-bot. (i) structure and driving principles of the bio-bot; (ii) Image of the motion trajectory. Reproduced with permission^[79]. Copyright 2022, Zhang et al.; (C) A spring-like bio-bot. (i) Driving principles of spring-like bio-bot; (ii) Time-lapse images of undulatory locomotion of the bio-bot; (D) A swimming bio-bot with a serpentine skeleton. (i) structure of the bio-bot and the asymmetrical structural stiffness; (ii) Image of the motion trajectory with corresponding distance over time. Reproduced with permission^[81]. Copyright 2021, The American Association for the Advancement of Science.