fig5

Figure 5. Film-bending-based swimming bio-bots. (A) A jellyfish-like swimming bio-bot driven by cardiomyocytes. (i) Comparison of configuration and stroke kinematics between jellyfish and jellyfish-like swimming bio-bot; (ii) Time-lapse of stroke cycle in jellyfish-like swimming bio-bot. Reproduced with permission^[70]. Copyright 2012, Springer Nature America, Inc; (B) A muscular thin films triangular swimmer made of cardiomyocytes. (i) The structure of the swimmer; (ii) Consecutive video frames during motion Reproduced with permission^[58]. Copyright 2007, The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (C) A ray-inspired swimming robot capable of undulatory swimming. (i) Concept design of the bio-bot including structure and phototactic control; (ii) optical images of a complete process of undulatory locomotion. Reproduced with permission^[72]. Copyright 2016, The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (D) A fish-inspired swimming robot with an antagonistic muscle pair. (i) Structure of the bio-bot; (ii) Optical images when the muscle pair are separately contracted. Reproduced with permission^[73]. Copyright 2022, The American Association for the Advancement of Science.