fig4

Figure 4. Performance evaluation of biocompatible integrated electronics for non-invasive human bladder volume monitoring in human subjects. (A) Volume and impedance state changes during the passage of time from emptying to filling of the human bladder; (B) Patch electrode mounting locations; (C) Optical images of participants wearing wireless wearable sensors during a bladder test. The data collected were sent to a smartphone and displayed in a developed mobile application; (D-I) The designed electronic device and commercial equipment were employed to monitor the bladder impedance change, and the correlation between the measurement levels of the two devices.