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Figure 1. Advances in computing architectures and neuromorphic biointegrated electronics. (A) Schematic diagram illustrating conventional computing architectures and their evolution with advancements in data processing; (B) Schematic representation of biointegrated electronic systems designed for on-device neuromorphic computing; (C) The application of neuromorphic processing extends to transmitting external information to biological systems, processing biosignals for diagnostics, and facilitating therapeutic interventions; (D) Comparison between conventional (top) and neuromorphic (bottom) processing approaches.