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Figure 9. Multiplexed biosensors coupling multi-chemical biomarkers for monitoring diabetes mellitus. (A) Fully integrated sensor arrays for multiplexed monitoring of glucose, lactates, sodium, potassium and skin temperature in sweat. Reproduced with permission^[34]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature Limited; (B) Eyeglasses-based sensor platform for monitoring glucose, lactate and potassium ions. Reproduced with permission^[251]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) A flexible biosensor integrated with curved needle for the measurement of electrical conductivity, pH, glucose and lactate. Reproduced with permission^[252]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (D) A band-type wearable platform with flexible sensor array for simultaneous monitoring of glucose, lactate, pH, and temperature. Reproduced with permission^[253]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V.; (E) Schematic representation of microneedle platform for real-time continuous glucose/ketone monitoring in ISF. Reproduced with permission^[257]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (F) Touch-based β-HB/glucose sweat sensing device for personalized health monitoring. Reproduced with permission^[258]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (G) A microfluidic chip integrating dual assays for simultaneous measurements of glucose and insulin. Reproduced with permission^[259]. Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (H) Portable aptamer-based biosensor chip for non-invasive simultaneous monitoring of glucose and insulin. Reproduced with permission^[260]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (I) Epidermal patch-type biosensor platform capable of simultaneous alcohol sensing in sweat and glucose sensing in ISF. Reproduced with permission^[262]. Copyright 2018 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (J) Wearable microneedle-based biosensor arrays for real-time sensing of alcohol and glucose in ISF. Reproduced with permission^[263]. Copyright 2022, The Authors, under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited; (K) Flexible biosensor for label-free detection of cortisol and glucose using non-faradaic electron-ionic charge transfer. Reproduced with permission^[265]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (L) Wearable cortisol and glucose biosensor using monoclonal antibody-oriented approach. Reproduced with permission^[266]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (M) A wearable electrochemical biosensor for monitoring of multiple metabolites and nutrients. Reproduced with permission^[267]. Copyright 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited. RE: Reference electrode; CE: counter electrode; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol); ISF: interstitial fluid; β-HB: β-hydroxybutyrate.