fig4

Figure 4. Sweat-based wearable electrochemical sensors for diabetes mellitus. (A) Scheme of band-type ion sensor for Na⁺ and K⁺ from sweat, incorporating microfluidic unit, platform body, and the fully integrated wearable platform. The image showing the positioning SwEatch platform on the arm during the on-body trials and the corresponding outputs measuring Na⁺ and K⁺. Reproduced with permission^[210]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V.; (B) Optical image of the headband-type wearable biosensor for on-body sweat sensing during physical activities and its corresponding measurements of Na⁺ and Lactate. Reproduced with permission^[211]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V.; (C) Photographs and schematic illustration of a sweatband fluidic platform and real-time data obtained from on-body Na⁺ monitoring during indoor cycling. Reproduced with permission^[212]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (D) Photographs of biofuel cell array integrated on stretchable textile and on-body test during the cycling exercise with its corresponding potentiometric response to the lactate. Reproduced with permission^[213]. Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry; (E) Optical and schematic images of the biosensing patch on the forehead. The corresponding real-time measurements of glucose from sweat and sweat rate from one healthy and one diabetic subject. Reproduced with permission^[214]. Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science.