fig5

Figure 5. Advanced cryobiological applications of LM-based materials. (A) LMNP-mediated ultrarapid rewarming of vitrified biospecimens. Reproduced with permission^[87] Copyright 2019, Acta Materialia Inc. (i) Illustration of vitrification of cell suspensions loaded with LMNPs and NIR laser-induced rewarming; (ii) Illustration of LMNPs inhibiting ice formation; (iii) Live/dead staining of resuscitated cells with/without LMNPs; (B) LM-mediated combined cryoablation and PTT. Reproduced with permission^[53] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (i) Illustration of LM paste coating enhanced cryoablation. Inset is the simulated result of temperature distribution with (left) or without (right) LM paste; (ii) Illustration of LMNP-mediated PTT. Inset is the in vivo infrared thermographic image of radiated tumor tissues bearing LMNPs (left) or not (right); (iii) Post-treatment cellular viability; (iv) Change of post-treatment tumor volumes; (C) Freezing-induced LMMP deformation enhanced cryoablation. (i) Illustration of probe-cryoablation and LMMPs deformation enabled mechanical damage to tumors. Reproduced with permission^[85] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (ii) Deformation ratio of LMNPs in different solutions. Reproduced with permission^[65] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (iii) Post-cryoablation tumor volume under different conditions. Reproduced with permission^[85] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (D) Liquid metal transformer enabled endosomal escape for enhanced cryo-treatment. Reproduced with permission^[91] 2021 Elsevier Inc. (i) Illustration of cell membrane-wrapped gallium particles entering tumor cells; (ii) Deformation of gallium particles causing damage to endosomes, facilitating endosomal escape; (iii) Tumor volume after cryoablation with different conditions. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; LMMPs: LM micro-particles; LMNPs: LM nano-particles; NIR: near-infrared ray; PTT: PT therapy.