fig11

Figure 11. Ultrasound neurostimulators. (A) Miniatured focused ultrasound transducer to stimulate PAG for analgesia^[113]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature; (B) Ultralight miniatured focused ultrasound brain stimulation system with multi-region targeting capability^[114]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (C) Miniaturized FOC for neural activation^[115]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature; (D) TFOE for neuromodulation of individual neurons or subcellular structures^[116]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature; (E) Photoacoustic nanotransducer injected into the brain to achieve neurostimulation^[13]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2020, Elsevier; (F) Nanocomposite protein scaffolds to promote nerve growth^[117]. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. FOC: Fiber-Optoacoustic Converter; IPA: isopropyl alcohol; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; PAG: periaqueductal gray; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; TFOE: tapered fiber optoacoustic emitter.