fig1

Figure 1. Diagram of the application of flexible, stretchable, 3D structures for MEMS (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[147]. Copyright^© 2019. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[55]. Copyright^© 2020. American Association for the Advancement of Science), LED & photodetector (Right: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[161]. Copyright^© 2019. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Left: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[159]. Copyright^© 2021. Springer Nature), energy devices (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[177]. Copyright^© 2021. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[174]. Copyright^© 2022. American Chemical Society), biomedical devices (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[191]. Copyright^© 2019. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[196]. Copyright^© 2021. American Association for the Advancement of Science), sensors (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[205]. Copyright^© 2019. American Chemical Society, Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[208]. Copyright^© 2020. American Association for the Advancement of Science), actuators (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[219]. Copyright^© 2022. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[221]. Copyright^© 2022. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim), metamaterials (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[57]. Copyright^© 2022. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[56]. Copyright^© 2021. Springer Nature), and microfluidic systems (Top: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[236]. Copyright^© 2011. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Bottom: Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[237]. Copyright^© 2022. American Chemical Society).