fig5

Figure 5. Soft robotics based on magnetic composites. (A) A rectangular-sheet-shaped magnetic soft robot. m: magnetization; L: length; h: thickness; w: width; β_R: phase shift in m. Top frame: magnetization profile. Bottom frame: photo of the robot moving a tubular tunnel (diameter 1.62 mm). Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[153]. Copyright^© 2018. Springer Nature; (B) The schematic diagram of integrating magnetized NdFeB patterns and functional modules for programmable and multifunctional magnetic soft robots. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[154]. Copyright^© 2022. The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (C) A 3D printed magnetic soft robot. Left frame: schematics of the printing process and the material composition. Right frame: a reconfigurable soft electronic device based on the annular ring structure showing different electronic functions depending on the direction of an applied magnetic field of 30 mT (top); and a hexapedal structure stopping and holding a fast-moving object upon application of a magnetic field generated by a permanent magnet (bottom). Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[160]. Copyright^© 2018. Springer Nature; (D) An origami crawler with a four-unit Kresling origami structure and four magnetic plates. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[161]. Copyright^© 2022. The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (E) A reprogrammable magnetic soft robot. Left frame: schematic illustration of the heat-assisted 3D magnetic programming method. R.T., room temperature. Right frames: illustrations and images of various 3D shapes. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[164]. Copyright^© 2020. The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (F) A biodegradable robot based on soft-magnetic composites. Left frame: Schematic illustration of the multi-legged array and nanofiber-constructed body. Right frame: mechanical analysis of a single leg. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[170]. Copyright^© 2022. Elsevier. EL: Eudragit L; ES: Eudragit S; NdFeB: neodymium iron boron.