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Figure 4. Soft robotics based on magnetic nanomembranes/nanostructures. (A) Untethered single cell grippers. Left and middle frames: schematics of the fabrication process for single cell grippers. (i) Deposition and pattern of the silicon monoxide (SiO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the stress layer. (ii) Deposition and pattern of silicon dioxide and iron as the rigid segments for magnetic actuation. (iii) Pattern of the paraffin layer. Right frames: SEM images of a gripper without the paraffin layer (top right), a gripper with paraffin layer (middle right), and optical image of an array of single cell grippers from (bottom right). Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[133]. Copyright^© 2020. American Chemical Society; (B) Fabrication process and envisioned application of a magnetostrictive spider silk thread. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[142]. Copyright^© 2022. John Wiley and Sons; (C) A four-panel microrobot programmed by arranging panels with nanomagnets of different sizes. Left frames: schematic illustration and SEM images of the nanomagnet arrays. Top right frame: size dependence of the coercivity of the magnets. Bottom right frames: schematics and images of a microscale ‘bird’ operated in two flying modes. Reproduced with permission from Ref.^[53]. Copyright^© 2019. Springer Nature. SEM: Scanning electron microscopy.