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![Advances in second-generation high-temperature superconducting tapes and their applications in high-field magnets](https://image.oaes.cc/96d3ccfc-b810-44c1-b786-3848b2f1f234/5031.fig.5.jpg)
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of APCs with different dimensions in 2G-HTS tapes. (A) 0D atomic-level point defects, which mainly refer to defects smaller than ξ, usually with vacancies and element substitutions. (B) 1D defects (linear defects), including dislocations, self-assembled nanorods, and irradiated columnar defects. (C) 2D planar defects, including twin boundaries and stacking faults. (D) 3D large-size defects, including rare-earth oxide particles, secondary phase particles, defect clusters, and holes[89] © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd. Printed in the UK.