fig2

Figure 2. Drugs targeting the sphingolipid pathway in liver fibrosis. This figure illustrated how S1P modulators exert antifibrotic effects by acting on S1PR1-4. Additionally, key enzymes in S1P synthesis pathways, such as SPT and SphK, play a pivotal role in regulating fibrogenesis. ↑ represents upregulation, and ↓ represents downregulation. S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate; SPT: serine palmitoyltransferase; SphK: sphingosine kinase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; S1PRs: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors; CCL2: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; DMS: N,N-Dimethylsphingosine;, HDAC1/2: histone deacetylase 1 and 2; YAP: yes-associated protein; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2.