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![Clinical frontiers of metabolic bone disorders: a comprehensive review](https://image.oaes.cc/ebedc12b-14af-4b7e-9c28-3d619e5bb933/mtod4038.fig.1.jpg)
Figure 1. The most prevalent MBDs are osteomalacia, osteoporosis, primary hyperthyroidism, and fluorosis, caused by imbalances in key minerals including Ca, P, and vitamin D, leading to bone mass and structure loss. MBDs: metabolic bone disorders.