fig1

Figure 1. Phase-field simulations for designing FE materials with high energy storage performance. Domain structure evolution simulation to enhance polarization change ΔP. Element doping. This figure is quoted with the permission from Shu et al.^[17], copyright 2024, AAAS. Topological domain. This figure is quoted with the permission from Qian et al.^[18], copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons. Strain engineering. AFE. This figure is quoted with permission from Liu et al.^[19], copyright 2020, Elsevier. Electric breakdown evolution simulation to enhance breakdown field strength E_b. Nanocomposite. This figure is quoted with permission from Sun et al.^[9] ,copyright 2022, Elsevier. Polycrystalline. This figure is quoted with permission from Wu et al.^[20], copyright 2020, AIP Publishing. Core-shell structure. This figure is quoted with permission from Bi et al.^[21], copyright 2018, Elsevier. Multi-layer. This figure is quoted with permission from Chen et al.^[22], copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons. FE: Ferroelectric; AFE: antiferroelectric.