fig6

Figure 6. Forward design prediction performance: (A and B) R² values of UTS and EL prediction using different models, respectively; (C) hyperparameter optimization process for XGB model; (D and E) prediction accuracy of UTS and EL by XGB model after hyperparameter optimization, respectively. R²: The coefficient of determination; UTS: ultimate tensile strength; EL: elongation-to-failure; XGB: XGBoost.