fig8

Figure 8. Crystal descriptors applied in MLFF for atomic simulation of lithium anode materials. (A) Schema of DeepMD and MTP potential, adapted with permission^[115,116], Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH and Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (B) Lithium dendrite self-healing simulation pairs with experimental observations, adapted with permission^[117], Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (C) Li-Cu surface simulated by MLFF, adapted with permission^[118], Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH; (D) Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of Li dendrite growth under different external pressures were performed with a MTP ML force field. External pressure was found to promote the process of Li self-healing. This figure is quoted with permission^[116], Copyright 2023, Elsevier. MTP: Moment tensor potential; MLFF: machine learning force fields; ML: machine learning.