fig8

Figure 8. (A) The loss curve of 1,000 epochs of deep learning training using only the first layer parameters; (B) The comparison between the data obtained by FEM (blue circles) and prediction of the deep learning model (red line) for the single layer structure (i.e., the first layer); (C) The loss curve of 1,000 epochs of deep learning training using only two layers of parameters; (D) The comparison between the data obtained by FEM (blue circles) and the prediction of the deep learning model (red line) for the double-layer structure (i.e., the first layer and the second layer). FEM: Finite element method.