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Figure 1. Structural and functional changes in aging mitochondria. With age, both mitochondrial populations undergo alterations in metabolism, which contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM, located below the membrane) also show lamelliform, swollen cristae, and an increased presence of calcium (Ca2+). Interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM, which resides between myofibrils) have tubular cristae, reduced bioenergetic capacity, and less respiration. Additionally, both mitochondrial types showed higher capacity for mitochondrial fission. Created using BioRender (www.app.biorender.com).
